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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | A simple hand-held plough is in use in Egypt and Mesopotamia, at least 1000 years before a heavier version is pulled by oxen | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Beer is brewed in Mesopotamia, where barley is an indigenous crop | |
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| 3761 BC |
| | | Later selected by Hebrew scholars as the date when the world began, this becomes the first year (AM 1) in Jewish chronology | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Sumer develops as the first centre of Mesopotamian civilization | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Writing is developed, at Sumer, as cuneiform script on clay tablets | |
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| 3100 BC |
| | | The invention of writing marks the transition, in academic terms, from prehistory to history | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The lever is in use in both Mesopotamia and Egypt | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | Oxen are given the heavy work of pulling the plough, previously done by men | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | Potters in Mesopotamia turn their pots on wheels | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | Semitic tribes move up from the Arabian peninsula, through Sinai into Palestine and Syria | |
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